International Journal of Innovative Research in Health Science

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a lifelong autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system selectively destroys the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. The disease most often begins in childhood or adolescence, although it can appear at any stage of life. Its development is influenced by genetic predisposition and environmental factors that initiate an abnormal immune response. Individuals commonly present with symptoms of hyperglycemia such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue, and some may initially develop diabetic ketoacidosis. Management depends on continuous insulin replacement, regular glucose monitoring, dietary regulation, and structured education. Recent advances in technology, including continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery systems, have transformed care and improved metabolic control. Despite these improvements, people with Type 1 diabetes remain at risk for acute and chronic complications. Early detection, sustained glycemic control, and comprehensive support are essential to reduce morbidity and enhance long-term quality of life.