International Journal of Innovative Research in Health Science

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic degenerative joint disorder affecting older adults worldwide and represents a major cause of pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. It is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and synovial inflammation. Aging, obesity, joint injury, genetic susceptibility, and mechanical stress are important risk factors contributing to disease development. Patients commonly present with joint pain, stiffness, reduced mobility, and functional impairment, particularly involving the knees, hips, hands, and spine. Diagnosis is primarily clinical and supported by radiological findings. Management focuses on symptom relief, improvement of joint function, and slowing disease progression through lifestyle modification, pharmacological therapy, physiotherapy, and surgical interventions when necessary. Early detection and multidisciplinary care are essential to prevent disability and improve patient outcomes.