International Journal of Innovative Research in Health Science

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, impaired interaction, and repetitive patterns of behavior. The global prevalence of ASD has increased considerably over recent decades due to improved awareness, broader diagnostic criteria, and enhanced screening practices. ASD is more commonly diagnosed in males and is associated with multifactorial causes involving genetic susceptibility and environmental influences. Several prenatal, perinatal, and environmental risk factors, including vitamin D deficiency and exposure to pollutants, have been linked with ASD development. Individuals with ASD frequently experience comorbid conditions such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, schizophrenia spectrum symptoms, and behavioral disorders. Despite extensive research, challenges remain in early diagnosis, management, and inclusive representation in autism studies. This review summarizes the definition, prevalence, sex differences, etiological factors, and common comorbidities associated with ASD, providing an overview of current evidence and highlighting the importance of early identification and multidisciplinary intervention strategies.